Penn's Internet of Things for Precision Agriculture centre outlined its latest sensing work on 12 October. Researchers are developing biodegradable soil devices that respond to radio signals and adhesive leaf sensors with optical readouts for conditions such as humidity and pH. Around one cent per device is a design target, not a retail price.

The programme brings Penn together with Purdue, the University of Florida and UC Merced. Purdue's solar-powered SPRING gateways address field communications, while cameras on robots or existing machinery could read leaf stickers.

Penn reports a further four years of NSF support and identifies Vividence Labs, co-founded by former postdoctoral researcher Akhila Mallavarapu, as a route towards commercialising leaf sensors. Demonstrating practical value on farms remains part of the work ahead.